MEDIA CENTER FOR ART HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF ART HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY

Zakho Bridge

Alternative Names

Zakhu Bridge; Delal Bridge; Dalal Bridge; Abbasid Bridge

Date

ca. 3rd–4th century AD; rebuilt ca. 8th–9th century

MMM Documentation Dates
Fall 2013
Site Type
Bridges and Aqueducts
City
Zakho
Province/Region
Duhok Governorate
Media
Highlights

Surrounding Area

Bridge: Views from the East

Bridge: Views from the West

Bridge: Upper Surface

Bridge: Graffiti Details

Adjacent Masonry

Surrounding Area

Historical Photographs

Supplementary Images

Panoramas

The Zakho Bridge, sometimes referred to as the Abbasid Bridge or the Delal Bridge, is located in the city of Zakho in the northwest of Iraqi Kurdistan, about 50 km north of Duhok and close to the border of Turkey. Zakho is situated between two mountain chains known as al-Judi. The bridge is located in the southeast of the city and spans the Khabur River, which flows from the direction of Turkey, eventually feeding into the Tigris River. It was most likely first constructed in antiquity, along with a medieval rebuilding.

The Zakho Bridge is oriented north–south across the Khabur River, which runs east–west (see a panorama from the east). The bulk of the bridge is built of ashlar blocks of golden limestone, laid in careful courses. The structure is about 115 m long, 4.7 m wide, and 16 m high at its apex. It is carried by five arches: a main arch supporting the central span, one smaller arch under the northern span, and three under the southern span. The bridge’s piers are built into the jagged, pebble-conglomerate bed of the river.

The main arch is parabolic in outline and is quite large, measuring 16 m wide and 15.5 m high. The arch ring is built of blocks that are more slender than those of the surrounding spandrel walls. A row of four putlock holes is found along the intrados of the arch on either side. The smaller subsidiary arches are round; putlock holes are also visible within the two that flank the main arch. The height of the central arch in relation to the surrounding spans results an unusually steep incline. The deck was made of large stone slabs laid in a steplike manner, but this has been surfaced with concrete in modern times. On the bridge’s east side, triangular cutwaters are appended to the pier bases.

No inscriptions or imagery are to be found on the bridge. At the time of MMM’s documentation during Fall 2013, numbered stickers were attached to many of the structure’s blocks due to an ongoing conservation/documentation project by the Directorate of Antiquities of Duhok.

“Description & Iconography” general sources: Preusser 1911, 22–23; Çulpan 1975, 83; Pavelka 2010.

Due to the lack of inscriptions, iconography, the origin of the Zakho Bridge remains unclear. Several theories have been put forward suggesting various dates for the bridge, from as early as the Assyrian period to as late as the Abbasid period. It is generally accepted that the original bridge dates to antiquity, with a subsequent rebuilding in the medieval period, perhaps in the 12th–13th century. Whatever its original construction date, the bridge has long remained the focal point of the city of Zakho, and the local communities consider it an important part of their heritage and pride in their ancient city.   

The origin of the variant name of the bridge, Delal, is unknown. But Mark Sykes attributed it to a local legend.1 He claims that according to a story set during the medieval period, the builders could not make the main arch come together no matter how many times they tried to join the two ends together. Finally, Delal, the daughter-in-law of the local ruler, was sacrificed and buried under the bridge, resulting in the completion of the arch.

  • 1. Sykes 1904, 160; see also Khan 2008.

“History” general sources: ʻAbbāsī 1948; Gazzola 1963, 171 (no. 252).

In his 1904 travelogue, the British military officer and diplomat Mark Sykes briefly described and published an early photograph of the Zakho bridge.1 In 1911, the German scholar Konrad Preusser more carefully analyzed the bridge, not only photographing it but also creating a useful diagram of its elevation.2 Gertrude Bell photographed the bridge—along with her copious images of the city of Zakho—in 1922.3 In 1948, Khiḍr ʻAbbāsī published a detailed study of the bridge and its history.4 

ʻAbbāsī, Khiḍr. 1948. Tārīkh baldat Zākhū wa-al-jisr al-ʻAbbāsī: ṣafḥah majhūlah fī tārīkh al-ʻIrāq fī al-fatrah al-muẓlimah [The history of the town of Zakho and the Abbasid Bridge: An unknown page in the history of Iraq in the Dark Age]. Baghdad: Dār Dijlah lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr (in Arabic).

Çulpan, Cevdet. 1975. Türk taş köprüleri: Ortaçağdan Osmanlı devri sonuna kadar [Turkish stone bridges: From the medieval to the end of the Ottoman period]. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (in Turkish).

Gazzola, Piero. 1963. Ponti romani. Vol. 2, Contributo ad un indice sistematico con studio critic bibliografico. Florence: Olschki.  

Khan, Geoffrey. 2008. “The Bridge of Zakho.” In The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar, 2156–2157. Leiden: Brill. 

Pavelka, Karel. 2009. “Detailed Documentation and 3D Model Creation of Dalal Bridge Using Terrestrial Photogrammetry in Zakhu, Northern Iraqi Kurdistan.” CXXII CIPA Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, 11 October–15 October 2009: Proceedings. CIPA Heritage Documentation.

Content Manager
Matthew Peebles and Helen Malko (2021)