Images
Panoramas
VR Tour
Historical Images and Plans
Gigapixel Images
Laser Scans
Notes
Date
Begun ca. 1194
Sculptural Program
The west façade of Chartres Cathedral has a program of three sculpted portals. The south portal displays the Incarnation Cycle and the Sedes Sapientiae. The lowest lintel depicts, from left to right, the Annunciation, Visitation, Nativity, and the Annunciation to the Shepherds. The second register shows the Presentation in the Temple. The tympanum is an image of the Sedes Sapientiae, or Throne of Wisdom, showing the Virgin and Child enthroned in majesty flanked by two angels. The two bands of voussoirs show the personifications of the Liberal Arts (females), their exponents (male), and angels.
The north portal's theme has been highly debated. Some scholars believe it refers to the Ascension of Christ, however Margot Fassler has recently and convincingly argued that the portal deals with Christ in his pre-Incarnation form. The lowest register of the lintels depicts ten seated figures under an architectural canopy. The figures carry books, scrolls, and writing implements. These can be read as prophets, waiting to hear of the coming of Christ. The second register shows four angels gesturing at the prophets below. The tympanum depicts Christ in a swirl of clouds, arms thrown open, flanked by two angels. According to Margot Fassler, he is the representation of Christ before time, pre-incarnation, and the angels below gesture to the prophets to attempt to inform them of his impending arrival. The prophets hear of, but cannot yet fully see, the coming of Christ. The voussoirs on this portal depict the labors of the month and the signs of the zodiac in two bands.
The central portal shows the Second Coming of Christ. The lintel shows apostles seated under an architectural canopy. The tympanum depicts the fearsome Christ seated in judgment at the end of time, surrounded by the figures of the tetramorph, the lion, the bull, the eagle, and the angel. The voussoirs show the elders of the apocalypse in three bands.
All three portals are united by a band of jamb sculptures and a historiated capital frieze that stretches the full length of the façade. The capital frieze depicts scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary and from the Passion of Christ. The jamb sculptures represent Old Testament kings, queens, and prophets. Their elongated, upright posture creates an intimate connection with the architecture; they are true column figures. Their clothing was of a type worn by noble and royal people of the region in the twelfth century, and would have thus been a recognizable indication of power and authority to contemporary viewers.
The west façade of Chartres Cathedral shows the hand of the School of Chartres in its arrangement and iconography. Probably put in place around 1145-1150, it is the earliest program of its kind to attempt to convey complex, multivalent theological messages through its images. The program focuses on Christ in three stages of his presence, pre-Incarnation, his Incarnation which prefigures his sacrifice and reign in heaven, and his Second Coming at the end of time. The three together show the myriad ways Christ has appeared and will continue to appear to the people of the earth, a sort of imagining of time and chronology of the Christian Church.
Stylistically, the west façade of Chartres represents a significant exploration of stylized, classicizing elements. Four artists' hands are commonly detected in the carving. The so-called hauptmeister was responsible for the central portal as well as the inner jamb figures of the side doorways, and was perhaps trained in Burgundy, at Vézelay or Autun. The second workshop was responsible for the outer jamb figures of the south portal. Their hand is similar to engravings of the jamb figures at Saint Denis. The third workshop executed the outer jamb figures of the north portal, and is very closely linked with the portal at Etampes. The fourth sculptor was responsible for the voussoir figures, and seems to have been trained in the south-west, perhaps at Moissac.
The popularity of the sculpture on the Royal Portal at Chartres is attested to by the numerous later buildings that adopted pieces of its program. Le Mans, Saint-Loup-de-Naud, the Portail Saint Anne at Notre Dame in Paris, and Bourges cathedral were some early adapters of a Chartres-esque portal style.
The south transept porch at Chartres also has a complex program of three sculpted portals. The east portal shows scenes from the life of St. Martin and St. Nicholas, and is known as the Confessor's Portal. The lower register of lintels depicts, on the left, St. Martin on horseback tearing his cloak in two to share with the beggar. The right side depicts St. Nicholas giving gold to a dying man and his family. The upper register, below a trefoil canopy, displays, on the left, the Dream of Saint Martin, where the beggar to whom he gave his cloak reveals himself to be Christ. The right shows the tomb of St. Nicholas topped with his tomb effigy, surrounded by pilgrims waiting for the favor of the saint's relics to be bestowed upon them. The tympanum shows Christ in Heaven flanked by two angels. The lowest orders of voussoirs shows the deeds of a third confessor, St. Giles, while the rest of the five bands show seated Old Testament figures. The outer jambs on either side of the portal were added later, and show St. Laudomarus and St. Avitus. The inner jambs, from left to right, probably show Pope Leo the Great, St. Ambrose, St. Nicholas, St. Martin, St. Jerome, and St. Gregory the Great.
The west portal of the south transept is known as the Martyrs portal, and shows scenes from the life of St. Stephen. The lintel shows Stephen's martyrdom, while the tympanum shows a standing Christ flanked by two kneeling angels. The five bands of voussoirs show other seated martyrs. The jambs also show famous martyrs. The outer two figures, added later, are the military saints Eustace and George. The inner jambs are, from left to right, Stephen, Clement, Laurence, Vincent, Dionysius, and Piatus.
The central portal of the south transept shows a typically rendered Last Judgment scene. The lintel shows the saved to the viewer's left, and the damned to the viewer's right being ushered into the mouth of Hell. The two sides are divided by a larger figure of the Archangel Michael holding scales and weighing souls. The tympanum shows Christ in Majesty flanked by the Virgin Mary and St. John, surrounded by angels bearing the instruments of the Passion. The lower orders of the voussoirs continue the theme of the saved and the damned, while the rest of the five bands depict angels, kings, and prophets. The jambs contain images of the twelve apostles trampling their oppressors. The trumeau is an image of Christ as the Beau Dieu, trampling the basilisk and the asp. There are two registers of figures carved below Christ on the trumeau who remain unidentified, though it has been suggested that the upper figure who is kneeling and passing out loaves of bread is Louis of Blois, an important donor to the Cathedral.
The sculpted transepts were added after the fire that destroyed most of the cathedral in 1194. Both north and south were probably finished by 1220. The elegant, elongated bearing of the jamb figures and the dramatic pull and deep folds of their drapery is similar to the figures found at Laon Cathedral, which also provided the prototype for the porches, added after 1224. The Confessor's portal has also been linked with workshops at Sens.
The arrangement of the three portals sends a clear, accessible message. It follows a preaching framework, showing a terrible scene of judgment in the center, and flanking it with two different paths to salvation, through the martyrs and the confessors of the Church. The message of the portals would have resonated with the laity, which is not surprising given that this entrance faced a public thoroughfare.
The north transept also has three sculpted portals. The east portal of the north transept shows scenes from the Incarnation. The lintel shows the Nativity and the Annunciation to the Shepherds, while the tympanum shows the Adoration of the Magi. Four bands of voussoirs show angels, wise and foolish virgins, and crowned figures of women. Unusual to the telling of the Incarnation in the portal is the fact that the jamb sculptures begin the story, with the Annunciation on the left and the Visitation on the right, flanked by prophets Daniel and Isaiah.
The west portal centers, unusually, around the story of Job in the tympanum, and the Judgment of Solomon in the lintel. Solomon is seated on the left of the lintel, directing the two women to cut the baby in two, while a crowd gathers to watch. The second register shows Job on the dung heap being tormented by the devil, while his wife and three onlookers observe. The tympanum shows Christ flanked by angels. The voussoirs show scenes from the Old Testament stories of Samson, Gideon, Esther, and Judith. The jambs also show Old Testament figures, from left Balaam, the Queen of Sheba, Solomon, and unidentified figure, Judith, and Joseph. In this instance, Job represents the suffering of the Church in the face of non-believers and heretics, while Solomon represents the wisdom of the Church which allows it to triumph over such sufferings, as shown by the figure of Christ in Majesty in the tympanum.
The central portal is devoted to the Coronation of the Virgin. The lintel shows the Virgin's Dormition and Assumption, while the tympanum shows her enthroned side-by-side with Christ and flanked by angels. The outer voussoirs show the Tree of Jesse, while the inner show angels and prophets. The jamb figures are from both the Old and New Testament, and the trumeau statue shows St. Anne holding the Virgin Mary as an infant. This statue was probably put in place soon after Chartres acquired important relics of St. Anne in 1204. The iconography of this portal was popularized in the late twelfth century by programs such as Senlis, based on the growing popularity of the cult of the Virgin, particularly in her guise as Bride of Christ as described in the Song of Songs.
The central portal was most likely the first to be completed and installed, around 1210, by sculptors who appear to have come from Laon, though the drapery of the figures at Chartres have much more volume. The side portals were probably completed between 1210 and 1220 under the direction of Peter of Roissy, the chancellor of the School of Chartres from 1208 to 1213. The jambs of this façade are beginning to emancipate themselves from the column, to occupy their given spaces in more unique and personal ways. This is especially noticeable in the figures of the Annunciation and Visitation in the east portal, and in the figure of Abraham in the central portal. The program as a whole, with its equations between the Virgin, the Church, Christ, and the wisdom of Old and New Testaments, is far more complex than the south transept, which is fitting given that this entrance faces the bishop's palace, and would have been reserved for members of the clergy.
Location
Bibliography
Abdul-Hak, S., La sculpture du transept de la cathédrale de Chartres, Paris, 1942.
Abou-el-Haj, B. F., "Artistic Integration inside the cathedral precinct: social consensus outside?" Artistic integration in Gothic buildings, ed. Virginia Chieffo Raguin, Kathryn Brush, Peter Draper, Toronto, 1995, pp 214-235
Adams, H., Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres, New York, 1980
Adams, R., The Eastern Portal of the North Transept at Chartres, Frankfurt, 1982
----, Chartres Cathedral: the eastern portal of the north transept façade: an initial study towards defining the original sculptural program of the Cathedral design of 1194, 1974
Aleemi, J., Die Glasfenster von Chartres, Stuttgart, 2011
Amiet, L., Essai sur l'organisation du chapitre cathédral de Chartres (du XIe au XVIIIe siècle), Chartres, 1922
Architecture as experience: radical change in spatial practice, ed. Dana Arnold and Andrew Ballantyne, London, New York, 2004
Armi, E., The 'Headmaster' of Chartres and the Origins of 'Gothic' Sculpture, University Park, Penn, 1994.
Artistic integration in Gothic buildings, ed. Virginia Chieffo Raguin, Kathryn Brush, Peter Draper, Toronto, 1995
Aubert, M., "Le portail royal et la façade occidentale de la cathédrale de Chartres," Bull. mon., 100, 1941, 177-218.
Ball, P., Universe of stone: a biography of Chartres Cathedral, New York, 2008
Barral Altet, X., "The expansion of Gothic," Sculpture from Antiquity to the Present Day: From the Eighth Century BC to the Twentieth Century, Ed. Georges Duby and Jean-Luc Duval, Köln, 2002, pp 345-397
Bergonier, M., "Les signes lapidaires de la cathédrale," Voix de Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 113, 1969, pp 7-9
Belzeaux, P., Le Monde de Chartres, La Pierre-qui-Vire, 1965
Bernard, J; Flavier J; Flamand, Y.; James, J., L'Univers de Chartres, Paris, 1988
Bettembourg, J.-M., "Problèmes de la conservation des vitraux de la façade occidentale de la cathédrale de Chartres," Monuments historiques de la France, vol. 1, 1977, pp 7-13
Bideault, M., "Les croix triumphales de notre-Dame de Paris et de la cathédrale de Chartres," Bulletin monumental, vol. 142:1, 1984, pp 7-17
Bonde, S.; Mark, R.; Robison, E. C., "Walls and other vertical elements," Architectural Technology up to the Scientific Revolution: The Art and Structure of Large-Scale Buildings, Ed. Robert Mark, Cambridge, Mass., 1993, pp 52-137
Bonjour, A.; Petitdemange A., Les Traces de la musique dans la cathédrale de Chartres, Chartres, 1996
Borg, A.; Mark, R., "Chartres Cathedral: a reinterpretation of its structure," Art Bulletin, vol. 55:3, 1973, pp 367-372
Bouchon, C.; Brisac, C.; Lautier, C.; Zaluska, Y., "La "Belle-Verrière" de Chartres," Revue de l'Art, vol. 46, 1979, pp 16-24
Branner, R., Chartres Cathedral. Norton Critical Studies in Art History, New York, 1962
----, Chartres Cathedral Sources, Readings, Analysis, and Criticism, London, 1969
Brenk, B., "Der Concepteur und sein Adressat, oder: Von der Verhüllung der Botschaft," Modernes Mittelaier: Neue Bilder einer populären Epoche, Ed. Joachim Heinzle, Frankfurt am Main, 1994, pp 431-450
Büchsel, M., Die Skulpturen des Querhauses der Kathedrale von Chartres, Berlin, 1995
Bugslag, J., "St. Eustace and St. George: Crusading Saints in the Sculpture and Stained Glass of Chartres Cathedral," Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, vol. 4, 2003, pp 441-464
----, "Ideology and iconography in Chartres Cathedral: Jean Clément and the Oriflamme," Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, vol. 61:4, 1998, pp 491-508
----, "Pilgrimage to Chartres, the visual evidence," Art and Architecture of the Late Medieval Pilgrimage in Norther Europe and the British Isles, Ed. Sarah Blick and Rita Tekippe, Leiden, 2005, pp 135-183
Bunjes, H., "Der gotische Lettner der Kathedrale von Chartres," Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch, , 1943, 70.
Burckhardt, T., Chartres and the Birth of the Cathedral, transl fr. German by William Stoddart, Ipswich, 1995 (first pub 1962)
Cafler, P., "'Samuel, Samuel'. Samuel au portail de Chartres et l'exégèse médiévale," Bulletin de la Société archéologique d'Eure-et-Loir, vol. 63, 1999, pp 195-201
Cahn, W., -----, "Observations sur Corbeil," Art Bulletin, 55, 1973, 321-7
-----, "Nouvelles obervations sur Corbeil," Bull mon 133, 1975, 7-13
Camille, M., "At the sign of the spinning sow: the "other" Chartres and images of everyday life of the medieval street," History and Images: Towards a New Iconology, Ed. Axel Bolvig and Phillip Lindley, Turnhout, 2003, pp 249-276
Cartulaire de Notre-Dame de Chartres d'après les cartulaires et les titres originaux, Chartres, 1861-1865
Caviness, M., "Obscenity and alterity: images that shock and offend them, then," Obscenity: Social Control and Artistic Creation on the European Middle Ages, Ed. Jan M. Ziolkowski, Leiden, 1998, pp 155-175
Chadefaux, M. C., "Le portail royal de Chartres," Gaz des Beaux Arts, 76, 1960, 273.
Chan, G., "Sur une scène du vitrail de Charlemagne à la cathédrale de Chartres," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 6:32, 1977, pp 11-17
Charpentier, L., Mystères de la cathédrale de Chartres, London, 1972
Chevallier, M.-A., and Pressouyre, L., "Fragments récemment retrouvées du portail royal de Chartres," Revue de l'Art, 57, 1982, 67-72.
----, "Fragments récemment retrouvés du Portail Royal de Chartres," Revue de l'Art, vol. 57, 1982, pp 67-72
Christe, Y.; Fesquet, P., "La genèse du porche norde de Chartres: Essai de restitution," From Athens to Chartres Neoplatonism and Medieval Thought, Studies in Honor of Edouard Jeauneau, Ed. Haijo Jan Westra, Leiden, 1992, pp 1-12
Claman, H. N., Jewish images in the Christian Church: art as mirror of the Jewish-Christian conflict, 200-1250 CE, Macon, Ga., 2000
Claussen, P. C., Chartres-Studien: zu Vorgeschichte, Funktion und Skulptur der Vorhallen, Wiesbaden, 1975
Clermont, O.; Weber, J., "Le Christ en gloire, sur les vitraux de Chartres," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 14:54, 1983, pp 5-13
----;----, "Les cinqs verrières de la cathédrale de Chartres," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 13:51, 1982, pp 11-19
----;----, "Remarques sur la "belle verrière de la cathédrale de Chartres," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 11:45, 1980, pp10-15
Connolly, D. K., "At the center of the world: the labyrinth pavement of Chartres Cathedral," Art and Architecture of Late Medieval Pilgrimage in Norther Europe and the British Isles, Ed. Sarah Blick and Rita Tekippe, Leiden, 2005, pp 285-314
Cooney, M. K., "'May the hatchet and the hammer never damage it!': the fate of the cathedral of Chartres during the French Revolution," Catholic Historical Review, vol. 92:2, 2006, pp 193-214
Couturier, M., "Chartres ville et cathédrale avant l'an mille," Monde medieval et société chartraine: Actes du colloque international organize par la Ville et le Diocèse de Chartres à l'occasion du 8e centenaire de la cathédral de Chartres 8-10 septembre 1994, Ed. Jean Robert Armogathe, Paris, 1997, pp 63-73
----, "A propos des bases gallo-romaines sous la Cathédrale de Chartres," Bulletin de la Société archéologique d'Eure-et-Loir, vol. 27, 1990, pp 89-91
Critchlow, K., "The royal statues of Chartres west front," Temenos. Studies in Comparative Religion, vol. 11, 1990, pp 152-162
Crossley, P., "Ductus and memoria: Chartres cathedral and the workings of rhetoric," Rhetoric Beyond Words: Delight and Persuasion in the Arts of the Middle Ages, Ed. Mary Carruthers, Cambridge, 2012, pp 214-249
----, "The integrated cathedral throughts on "holism" and gothic architecture," The Four Modes of Seeing: Approaches to Medieval Imageru in Honor of Madeleine Harrison Caviness, Ed. Evelyn Staudinger Lane, Elizabeth Carson Patan, and Ellen M. Shortell, Farnham, 2009, pp 157-173
Crozet, R., "A propos des chapiteaux de la facade occidentale de Chartres," Cahiers de Civilization médiévale, 1971, 159-165. See also Cahiers 1971, 349-350 and 350-353.
Daniel, M. R., "Large figures on the north porch, Chartres Cathedral," Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, vol. 49, 1991, pp 51
Delaporte, Y., "Quelques mots au sujet de jubé de la cathédrale de Chartres," Bulletin des Sociétés d'histoire et d'archéologie de le Meuse, vol. 115:42, 1971, pp 285-286
----, "Représentations du Massacre des Innocents à la cathédral de Chartres," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 2:9, 1971, pp 10-15
Deremble, C., "Le vitrail gothique de la Passion à la cathédrale de Chartres Questions de typologie," Monde médiévale et société chartraine: Actes du colloque international organize par la Ville et le Diocèse de Chartres à l'occasion du 8e centenaire de la cathédral de Chartres 8-10 septembre 1994, Ed. Jean Robert Armogathe, Paris, 1997, pp 151-164
----, "Les premiers cycles d'images consacrés à Marie Madeleine," Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome. Moyen Age, vol. 104:1, 1992, pp 187-208
----, "Saint-Lubin, mutation d'un theme du temps carolingien au vitrail de Chartres," Les Fonctions des saints dans le monde occidental (IIIe-XIIIe siècle). Actes du colloque organize par l'Ecole francaise de Rome avec le concours de l'Université de Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, 27-29 octobre 1988, Rome, 1991, pp 295-316
----, "Die Traumwelt der Legenden in den Glasmalereien von Chartres," Träume im Mittelalter: Ikonologische Studien, Ed. Agostino Paravicini Bagliani and Giorgio Stabile, Stuttgart, 1989, pp 41-54
Deremble, J.-P., "Les marques de l'énonciation dans le vitrail chartrain," From Sign to Text. A semiotic View of Communication, Ed. Yishai Tobin, Amsterdam, 1989, pp 519-528
Di Matteo, C., "Les verrières de Chartres," Monuments historiques de la France, vol. 153, 1987, pp 75-79
Dressler, R. A., Medieval narrative: the capital frieze on the Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral, Columbia University, 1992
----, "Deus hoc vult: ideology, identity, and sculptural rhetoric at the time of the crusades," Medieval Encounters: Jewish, Christian and Muslim Culture in Confluence and Dialogue, vol. 1:2, 1995, pp 188-218
Drillaud, P.; Josset, R. P.; Legeay, M.; Mallion, J., Chartres: le Jubé de la cathédrale, Eure-et-Loir, 1964
Fassler, M., "Liturgy and Sacred History in the Twelfth-Century Tympana at Chartres," Art Bull., LXXV, 1993, 499-520
-----, Making History Through Liturgy and the Arts, Yale University Press, 2010
Faucheux, P., "Le sens du trvail au portail royal de Chartres," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 3:13, 1972, pp 6-10
----, "Regard et réflexions sur la creation au portail Nord," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 2:9, 1971, pp 4-9
Fels, E., "Die Grabung an der Fassade der Kathedrale von Chartres," Kunstchronik, 8, 1955, 149.
Ferre, P., "Le vêtement liturgique au XIIIe siècle dans les sculptures de la cathédral de Chartres," Bulletin de la Société archéologique d'Eure-et-Loir, Vol. 60, 1999, pp 1-10
Froidevaux, Y.-M., "La cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres," Monuments historiques de la France, vol. 1, 1977, pp 65-72
Gabet, P., "Constantin le Grand à Chartres De l'image au mythe politico-religieux," Bulletin de la Société archéologique d'Eure-et-Loir, vol. 59, 1998, pp 167
Gnudi, C., "Introduzione a Chartres," Storia dellárte, vol. 38-40, 1980, pp 107-124
Gobillot, R., The Cathedral of Chartres: its influence on the art of glass, trans. Anne-Gaby Young, 1962
Goserbruch, M., "Zur Bedeutung des Gerichstmeisters am südlichen Querhaus der Kathedral von Chartres," Argo. Festschrift für Kurt Badt zu seinem 80. Geburstag am 3. Marz 1970, Ed. Martin Goserbruch and Lorenz Dittman, Köln, 1970, pp 142-163
Goss, V. P., "Art and politics in the High Middle Ages: heresy, investiture, contest, crusade," Artistes, artisans, et production artistique au Moyen Age, III,Fabrication et consummation de l'oeuvre. Actes du colloque international de Rennes, 1983, Ed. Xavier Barral i Altet, Paris, 1990, pp 525-545
Grodecki, L., "The Transept Portals of Chartres Cathedral: The Date of Their Construction According to Archaeological Data," Art Bulletin, 23, 1951, 155.
-----, "Review of W. Stoddard, The West Portals of Saint-Denis and Chartres", Bull mon., 111, 1953, 312.
----, "Esthétique ancienne et modern du vitrail roman," Monuments historiques de la France, vol. 1, 1977, pp 17-30
----, Chartres, Paris, 1963
Guest, G. B., "The prodigal's journey: ideologies of self and city in the Gothic cathedral," Speculum: a Journal of Medieval Studies, vol. 81:1, 2006, pp 35-75
Guingand, M., Chartres les templiers architectes, Tours, 1974
Halback, K. H., "Humanitäts- Wahrheit in der Plastik von Chartres," Warheit und Sprache: Festschrift für Bert Nagel zum 65. Geburstag am 27, August 1972, Ed. Kar; Menges, Wilm Pelters and Paul Schimmelpfennig, Göppingen, 1972, pp 35-44
Hayes, D. M., Body and sacred place in medieval Europe, 1100-1389: Interpreting the case of Chartres Cathedral, New York University, 1998
Heimann, A., "The Master-Sculptor of the West Façade in Chartres," Actes du XV congrès international d'histoire de l'art, London, 1939, 20.
-----, "The Capital Frieze and Pilasters of the Portail Royal, Chartres," Jour War and Court Inst., 31, 1968, 73-102.
Henderson, G., Chartres, Harmondsworth, 1968
Hollengreen, L. H., Living testimony: Exemplary Old Testament narratives on the north transept façade of Chartres Cathedral, Berkeley, 1998
Houvet, E., An illustrated monograph of Chartres Cathedral: being an extract of a work crowned by the Académie des beaux-arts, Chartres, 1938
----, Petit guide pratique et complet du touriste dans la Cathédrale de Chartres, Chartres, 1926.
Hoyer, R., Notre-Dame de Chartres: der Westcomplex, systematische GruNdlagen des bauarchaologischen Analyse, Frankfurt, 1989
Jacomet, H., "L'apôtre au manteaux constellé de coquilles. Iconographie de saint Jacques à la cathédral de Chartres," Monde médiévale et société chartraine: Actes du colloque international organize par la Ville et le Diocèse de Chartres à l'occasion du 8e centenaire de la cathédral de Chartres 8-10 septembre 1994, Ed. Jean Robert Armogathe, Paris, 1997, pp 165-136
Jantzen, H., Kunst der Gotik: Klassische Kathedralen Frankreichs- Chartres, Reims, Amiens, Berlin, 1987
James, J., Chartres, the masons who built a legend, London, Boston, 1982
----, "An examination of some anomalies in the Ascension and Incarnation Portals of Chartres Cathedral," Gesta, vol. 25: 1, 1986, pp 101-108
----, "Le Maître Rustique. Un sculpteur chartrain en Italie," Bulletin de la Société archéologique d'Eure-et-Loir, vol. 59, 1998, pp 161-166
----, "Chartres a eu de la chance, les Parisiens étaient occupés," Monde médiévale et société chartraine: Actes du colloque international organize par la Ville et le Diocèse de Chartres à l'occasion du 8e centenaire de la cathédral de Chartres 8-10 septembre 1994, Ed. Jean Robert Armogathe, Paris, 1997, pp 39-62
----, "Chaptieaux à feuille d'acanthe du Portail Royal," Bulletin de la Société archéologique d'Eure-et-Loir, vol. 27, 1990, pp 124-128
----, "Étude des anomalies dans les portails de l'Ascension et de l'incarnation à la cathédrale de Chartres," Bulletin de la Société archéologique d'Eure-et-Loir, vol. 27, 1990, pp 110-123
----; Maunoury, D., Chartres 3: les constructeurs, Chartres, 1982
----; Maunoury, D., Chartres 2: les constructeurs, Chartres, 1982
----; Maunoury, D., Chartres 1: les constructeurs, Chartres, 1982
----, "What price the cathedrals?" Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society, vol. 19, 1972, pp 47-65
James, L. J., "Pseudo-Dionysius' metaphysics of darkness and chartres cathedral," Essays in Medieval Studies, vol. 2, 1985, pp 182-208
Jeauneau, E., "Les sirens dans le choeur des vieillards," Religion, Text, and Society in Medieval Spain and Northern Europe: Essays in Honor of J.N. Hillgarth, Ed. Thomas E. Burman, Mark D. Meyerson and Leah Shopkow, Toronto, 2002, pp 319-334
----, "Les maîtres chartrains," Monde médiévale et société chartraine: Actes du colloque international organize par la Ville et le Diocèse de Chartres à l'occasion du 8e centenaire de la cathédral de Chartres 8-10 septembre 1994, Ed. Jean Robert Armogathe, Paris, 1997, pp 97-111
Johnson, J. R., Studies in the early stained glass of Chartres Cathedral, New York, 1960
----, The Radiance of Chartres: studies in the early stained glass of the Cathedral, New York, 1965
Joly, R., "Une nouvelle lecture pour le labyrinth de la cathédral de Chartres," Bulletin de la Société archéologique d'Eure-et-Loir, vol. 63, 1999, pp 202-231
----, "Permanence des structures antique dans la cathédrale de Chartres," Bulletin de la Société archéologique d'Eure-et-Loir, vol. 6, 1985, pp 1-18
Kalinowski, L., "L'idée de l'homme dans l'ésprit divin à Chartres," Etudes d'art médiéval offertes à Louis Grodecki, Paris, 1981, pp 219-232
Katzenellenbogen, A., The Sculptural Programs of Chartres Cathedral, Baltimore, 1959.
Kidson, P., Sculpture at Chartres, London, 1958.
----, "Architecture and the visual arts," The New Cambridge Medieval History IV, c1024-c1198, Part I, Ed. David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith, Cambridge, 2004, pp 693-731
Klinkenberg, E. S., "Die Identität der Säulenstatuen in étampes und Chartres," Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, vol. 71:2, 2008, pp 145-187
Klinkert, C. M., "'Un grand oiesel' in de Queste del Saint Graal en de pelikaan in de middeleeuwse gebrandchilderde ramen," Rapports: Het Franse boek, vol. 69:2, 1999, pp 113-122
Kurmann-Schwarz, B., "Récits, programme, commanditaires, concepteurs, donateurs: publications récentes sur l'iconographie des vitraux de la cathédrale de Chartres," Bulletin Monumental, vol. 154:1, 1996, pp 55-71
----, Chartres la cathédrale, Saint-Léger-Vauban, 2001
----, "Das religiöse Kunstwerk der Gotik als Zeichen der Übereinkunft zwischen Pfaffen und Laien," Pfaffen un Laien-ein mittelalterlicher Antagonismus? Freiburger Colloquium 1996, Ed. Eckart Conrad Lutz and Ernst Tremp, Schweiz, 1999, pp 77-99
----, "Chartres cathedral as a work of artistic integration: methodological reflections," Artistic Integration in Gothic Buildings, Ed. Virginia Chieffo Raguin, Kathryn Brush, and Peter Draper, Toronto, 1995, pp 131-152
Lannoy, R., "Guest editorial: responding to medieval glass today," Journal of Stained Glass, vol. 33, 2009, pp 5-10
Lapeyre, A., Des façades occidentales de Saint-Denis et de Chartres aux portails de Laon, Paris, 1960.
Laurent, J., "Chartres le cloître Notre Dame. Observations archéologiques," Bulletin de la Société archéologique d'Eure-et-Loir, vol. 14, 1987, pp 5-12
----, "Observations-récapitulations et etudes archéologiques. Quartier de la cathédrale," Bulletin de la Société archéologique d'Eure-et-Loir, vol. 13, 1987, pp 17-38
Lautier, C., "Les vitraux de la cathédrale de Chartres: reliques et images," Bulletin Monumental, vol. 161:1, 2003, pp 3-95
----, "Les arts libéraux de la "librairie" capitulaire de Chartres," Gesta, vol. 37:2, 1998, pp 211-216
----, "The sacred topography of Chartres cathedral, the reliquary chasse of the virgin in the liturgical choir and stained-glass decoration," The Four Modes of Seeing: Approaches to Medieval Imageru in Honor of Madeleine Harrison Caviness, Ed. Evelyn Staudinger Lane, Elizabeth Carson Patan, and Ellen M. Shortell, Farnham, 2009, pp 174-196
----, "Les vitraux de la cathédrale de Chartres à la lumière des restaurations anciennes," Künstlerischer Artistic Exchange: Atken des XXVIII. Internationalen für Kunstgeschichte, Berlin, 15-20 Juli 1992, Ed. Thomas W. Gaehtgens, Berlin, 1993, pp 413-424
----, "Un peintre de la vie de Saint Antoine à la cathédrale de Chartres," Corpus Vitrearum: Tagung für Glasmalereiforschung. Akten des 16. Internationalen Kolloquiums in Bern 1991, Ed. Ellen Judith Beer, Bern, 1991, pp 58-61
----, "Les peintres-verriers des bas-côtés de la nef de Chartes au début du XIIIe siècle," Bulletin monumental, vol. 148:1, 1990, pp 7-45
Lemarié, J., "La Transfiguration sur le vitrail de la Passion," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 14:54, 1983, pp 16-18
----, "L'entrée de Jésus à Jérusalem à la cathédrale de Chartres etudes in iconographie," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 9:38, 1979, pp 8-14
----; Villette, J., "Quelques réflexions à propos du livre les mystères de la cathédrale de Chartres (de Louis Charpentier, paru en 1966 et réédité en 1974)," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 33:7, 1977, pp 4-11
----, "Lafresque découverte dans la crypte de la cathédrale de Chartres," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol.
Levine, S., The Northern Foreportal Column Figures of Chartres Cathedral, New York, 1984
Lévis-Godechot, N., La Bible de Chartres, Saint-Léger-Vauban, 1994
----; Bazin, G., Chartres révélée par sa sculpture et ses vitraux, Saint-Léger-Vauban, 1987
----, "Essai d'interprétation de l'iconographie des sculptures du portail Nord de la cathédrale de Chartres," Société d'histoire et d'archéologie de Senlis. Comptes rendus et mémoires, 1977, pp 31-47
Levy, E., On the proportions of the south tower of Chartres Cathedral, Cambridge, Mass., 1956
Lukatis, C., "Der himmlische Gerichstof und der Seelenwäger im Beauner "Weltgericht" Rogier van der Weydens," Oud Holland: Driemaandelijks Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Kunstgeschiedenis, vol. 107:4, 1993, pp 317-351
Lutin, S., South porch of Chartres cathedral: the margins of monumental sculpture, Leiden, 2011
----, "Images of the lives of the saints in the sculptured programs and stained-glass windows of Chartres Cathedral," PECIA: Ressources en médiévistique, vol. 8-11, 2006, pp 127-140
Maines, C., "A Figure of Thomas Becket at Chartres," Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 36, 1973, 163-173.
Maines, R.C., "The Charlemagne window at Chartres Cathedral new considerations on the text and image," Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies, vol. 52:4, 1977, pp 801-823
Manhès, C., Le vitrail du Bon Samaritain: Chartres, Sens, Bourges, Paris, 1986
Marcel-Robillard, C., Chartres and la Beauce chartraine, trans. John Gilmer, Grenoble, 193-?
Marriage, M. S., The sculptures of Chartres Cathedral, Cambridge, 1909
Massé, H. J. L. J., City of Chartres, its cathedral and churches, London, 1905
Mazurczak, U. M., "Wyobra?enia stworzenia cz?owieka i przyrody w rze?bie katedry NMP w Chartres Zwi?zek doktryn filozoficzno-teologicznych szko?y katedralnej w Chartres ze sztuk?," Acta Mediaevalia, vol. 17, 2004, pp 97-121
Medieval Architecture, New York, 1976
Merlet, R., The cathedral of Chartres, Paris, 1913
Meulen, J. van der, "Sculpture and Its Architectural Context at Chartres Around 1200," The Year 1200: A Symposium, New York, 1975
-----, The West Portals of Chartres Cathedral, I, The Iconology of the Creation, Washington DC 1981.
-----, Chartres Cathedral : Sources and Literary Interpretion. A Critical Bibliography, Boston, 1989
-----, Price, N. W., The West Portals of Chartres Cathedral, I, Washington, 1981
Michler, J., "La cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres reconstitution de la polychromie originale de l'intérieur," Bulletin monumental, vol. 147:2, 1989, pp 117-131
Michon, R., "Saint Théodore, Saint Maurice ou Roland (au portail sud de la cathédral de Chartres," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 7:30, 1977, pp 9-14
----, "La creation aux cordons de voussure du portail nord," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 2:1, 1971, pp 14-71
----, "Marie dans l'histoire du salut au portail Nord de la cathédrale," Notre-Dame de Chartres, vol. 1:1, 1970, pp 8-11
Miller, M. B., Chartres Cathedral: the stained glass and sculpture, London, 1975
Morganstern, A. M., High Gothic sculpture at Chartres Cathedral, the tomb of the Count of Joigny, and the Master of the Warrior Saints, University Park, Pa., 2011
Nicot, G., "La sauvegarde des vitraux de Chartres," Monuments historiques de la France, vol. 153, 1987, pp 80-84
Nolan, K, "Ritual and Visual Experience in the Capital Frieze at Chartres," Gaz des Beaux Arts, 6, 123, 1994, 53-72
----, "Ploratus et ululatus: the mothers in the Massacre of the Innocents at Chartres Cathedral," Studies in Iconography, vol. 17, 1996, pp 95-141
Opsahl, L. H., "Creatio Mundi I fransk glassmaleri 1200-1270," Middelalderforum: Forum mediaevale, vol. 2, 1997, pp 49-75
Paris, W. F., The art of painted glass: Chartres Cathedral, New York, 1939
Parsons-Lillich, M., "Les vitraux de Saint-Pierre de Chartres," Monuments historiques de la France, vol. 1, 1977, pp 52-57
Pastan, E., "Charlemagne as saint? Relics and the choice of window subjects at Chartres Cathedral," The Legend of Charlemagne in the Middle Ages: Power, Faith, and Crusade, Ed. Matthew Gabriele and Jace Stuckey, New York, 2008, 97-135
Perrot, F., "Le vitrail, la croisade et la Champagne: réflexion sur les fenêtres hautes du choeur à la cathédrale de Chartres," Les Champenois et la Croisade. Actes des IVe Journées rémoises. 27-28 novembre 1987, Ed. Yvonne bellenger, et Danielle Quéruel, Paris, 1989, pp 109-130
----, "Etude archéologique. Les verrières du XIIe siècle de la façade occidentale," Monuments historiques de la France, vol. 1, 1977, pp 39-51
Pestell, R., "The deign sources for the cathedrals of Chartres and Soissons," Art History, vol. 4:1, 1981, pp 1-13
Petitier, P., "La cathédrale," La Fabrique du Moyen Age au XIXe siècle. Réprésentations du Moyen Age dans la culture et la literature francaises du XIXe siècle, Ed. Simone Bernard-Griffiths, Pierre Glaudes, and Bertrand Vibert, Paris, 2006, pp 553-562
Pinoteau, H., Notre-Dame de Chartres et de France: le voile de la Vierge et autres merveilles, Paris, 2008
Prache, A., Chartres Cathedral. Image of the Heavenly Jerusalem, CNRS Paris 1993
-----, Chartres, le portail de la sagesse, 1994
----, Chartres: la cathédrale Notre-Dame, Paris, 2000
----, "Remarques sur la construction de la cathédrale de Chartres à la lumière de la dendochronologie," Monde médiévale et société chartraine: Actes du colloque international organize par la Ville et le Diocèse de Chartres à l'occasion du 8e centenaire de la cathédral de Chartres 8-10 septembre 1994, Ed. Jean Robert Armogathe, Paris, 1997, pp 75-79
----, "Les récentes datations de monuments gothiques par la dendochronologie," Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France, 1995, pp 301-305
----, Notre-Dame de chartres: images de la Jérusalem celeste, Paris, 1993
----, "Observations sur la construction de la cathédrale de Chartres au Xiiie siècle," Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France, 1992, pp 327-334
Pressouyre, L., "Pour une reconstruction du jubé de Chartres," Bull mon., 125, 1967, 419.
-----, "L'adoration des Mages du jubé de Chartres: nouveaux fragments conservés en France et aux Etats-Unis," Bull de la Soc des Antiquaires de France, 1971.
-----, "Deux têtes de rois provenant du jubé de Chartres," Bull de la Soc nat des Antiquaires de France, 1972, 171-180.
Priest, A., "The Masters of the West Façade at Chartres Cathedral," Art Studies, 1923.
Recht, R., Believing and seeing: the art of Gothic cathedrals, trans. Mary Whittall, Chicago, 2008
Rohde, M., "Innovative Portalskulptur im Umkreis des Chartreser Portail Royal," Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, vol. 71:3, 2008, pp 270-320
Rolland, I., "Le mythe carolingien et l'art du vitrail: sur le choix et l'ordre des episodes dans le vitrail de Charlemagne à la cathédrale de Chartres," La Chanson de Geste et le Mythe caroligien. Mélanges René Louis, publié par ses collègues, ses amis, et ses élèves à l'occasion de son 75e anniversaire, Ed. Emmanuèle Baumgartner et al., Saint Père sous Vézélay, 1982, pp 255-277
Rossi Manaresi, R., "Considerazioni techniche sulla scultura monumentale policromatica, romanica, e gotica," Bolletino d'Arte, ser.6,72:41, 1987, pp 173-186
Salet, F., "Notre-Dame de Corbeil," Bull mon 100, 1941, 81-118
----, "Chronique: Les arc-boutants supérieurs de la cathédrale de Chartres," Bulletin monumental, vol. 128:2, 1970, pp 139-140
Sauerländer, W., , "Zu den Westportale von Chartres," Kunstchronik, 9, 1956, 155-156.
-----, Des Königsportal in Chartres: Heilsgeschichte und Lebenswirklichkeit, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1984.
----, "Integrated fragments and the unintegrated whole: scattered examples from Reims, Strasbourg, Chartres, and Naumburg," Artistic Integration in Gothic Buildings, Ed. Virginia Chieffo Raguin, Kathryn Brush, and Peter Draper, Toronto, 1995, pp 153-166.
Snyder, J., Early Gothic Column-Figure Sculpture in France: Appearance, Materials, and Significance, USA/ Aldershot, Hants, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2011.